#CONCRETE UTOPIA FREE#

Hence, growth cannot reduce inequalities it merely postpones confronting exploitation.Д®conomic growth implies the acceleration of the production of goods and services. If capitalists or governments paid for the real value of work then they would have no surplus and there would be no growth. Third, growth is always based on exploitation, because it is driven by investment that, in turn, depends on surplus. Hence, growth (at least in rich countries)В has become вЂњun-economic:вЂќ its benefits no longer exceed its costs. An increasing share of GDP growth is devoted toВ вЂdefensive expenditure,вЂ™ meaning the costs people face as a result of environmental externalities such as pollution.

Second, economic growth is no longer desirable. Since growth-based economies collapse without growth we have to establish a radically different economic system and way of living in order to prosper in the future. First, theВ global economy should slow down to avert the destruction of EarthвЂ™s life support systems, because a higher rate of production and consumption will run parallel to higher rates of damage to the environment.В Hence,В we should extract, produce and consume less, and we should do it all differently. This year also saw the publication of Giorgos KallisвЂ™ landmark book Degrowth ,whichВ opens with three bold statements. Another five international conferences were organized between 20, with the latest in MalmoВ in August. At this conference, degrowth was defined as a вЂњvoluntary transition towards a just, participatory, and ecologically sustainable society,вЂќ so challenging the dogma of economic growth.

#CONCRETE UTOPIA FREE#

He was given free reign by MoMA to go and find the best creations he could and over the past two years, he made seven separate trips to the countries of former Yugoslavia, including Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and the still-disputed territory of Kosovo.The emergence of interest in degrowth can be traced back to the 1st International Degrowth Conference organized in Paris in 2008. This particular structure in Slovenia was designed by ЕЅiva Baraga and Janez Lenassi. The picture above is one of many monuments dotted around, which were built to commemorate the Second World War. T he images will be displayed around the galleries of the New York museum as part of the exhibition, which opened to the public on 15 July 2018.ДЄfter the war, the whole of Europe was doing some soul-searching, and the brutalist movement in Yugoslavia and other USSR states was hoping to reflect the strength and resilience of the countries, designed to shape a national identity during the socialist countryвЂ™s formative years. Jeck travelled round the former Yugoslavia, capturing images for MoMAвЂ™s Toward a Concrete Utopia exhibition.

Toward a Concrete Utopia вЂ“ Brutalism in Yugoslavia 1948-1980

Concrete utopia